Who was the first to visualize the malaria parasite?

Human malaria, an ancient tropical disease, is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Our understanding of human malaria parasites began officially in 1880 with their discovery in the blood of malaria patients by Charles Louis Alphonse Lavéran (1845-1922), a French army officer working in Algeria. A claim for priority was made by Philipp Friedrich Hermann Klencke (1813-1881) in 1843, who wrote a chapter entitled: "Marvellous parallelism between the manifestations of vertigo and the presence of animalcule vacuoles in living blood." We should not lose sight of this old controversy, which is rarely mentioned in historical reviews on malaria.

Empathy in medicine: A ritualistic healing function?

Marcel Réja (1873-1957) French alienist evokes in his book « Au pays des miracles ¼ this innumerable people of healers, mystics, empirics, magnetizers, mediums and fantasists. All operating "cures more wonderful than each other". This book questions in a very relevant way the role of the power of the spirit, of healing by the spirit and therefore of suggestion. This "art" of healers includes an affective and emotional coefficient which constitutes its essential spring. There is a mysterious force between the sick and the physician that goes "soul to soul". Current medicine is still very much borrowed from its past with a remnant of "magical" thought. Also, the empathetic dimension of the care relationship remains one of the most necessary dimensions for the exercise of the medical profession.

125 years of the Wertheim operation. What next?

The Austrian gynecologist Ernst Wertheim (1864-1920) was a pioneer in the surgical treatment of cancer. The principle of Wertheim's hysterectomy was to remove the uterus and the cervix with appropriate parametrium and tissues surrounding the upper vagina and pelvic lymph nodes. However, in the early 2000s, a meta-analysis of randomized trials revealed that radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy without surgical removal of the uterus were more effective in the historical treatment of advanced cervical cancer. This finding challenged the use of radical abdominal hysterectomy (RAH) in such cases and demonstrated the superiority of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in terms of overall survival.

Laennecs' mediate auscultation: Child's play.

Before Laennec, respiratory diseases that we recognize today were often confused, because the heart and lung are locked inside the rib cage. Impressed by the autopsies performed by Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), Laennec maintained the importance of the anatomoclinical method. But he indicated in his early 1820s lectures at the Collège de France that the discovery of auscultation was fortuitous and empirical. Duffin demonstrates that medical discoveries hardly obey an implacable logic, they arise outside of pre-established projects. In this paper, we retrace the chronology and antecedents at the origin of the important medical invention that is the stethoscope.

Albert Pitres: Charcot's Brilliant Student.

Albert Pitres (1848-1928) was an internist, neuropsychiatrist, professor of anatomy, pathology, and histology. He never really had a biography in English. However, the development of neurology and neurosciences in Bordeaux owes a lot to him, as to the psychiatrist Emmanuel Régis (1855-1918). The fact that his career was so closely linked with Charcot (1825-1893) should have secured him a more prominent place in neurology and the history of aphasiology. Pitres went on to co-author clinical and experimental research papers with Charcot that are considered some of the most notable ones among Charcot's publications. Both carried out studies about pathological correlations between cortical lesions and hemiplegia, published series of articles and two major books about neurophysiology of motor control. To convey the atmosphere and the importance of the neurological clinic of Pitres in the heyday, we illustrate this article with unpublished photos of him.

Two faces of the teacher: Comparing editions of Charcot's Leçons du mardi.

Jean-Martin Charcot, renowned teacher and clinical neurologist of the nineteenth century, held a unique set of impromptu "show and tell" case presentations that were transcribed as professor-patient dialogues. These lessons, known as the Leçons du mardi, were hand transcribed by his students and published as a limited-edition lithograph in 1887-1888, but reprinted for wider circulation with modifications in 1892, one year before Charcot died. This study highlights several important differences between the two versions of the work, with interpretative commentary on the importance of studying them side by side to more completely understand Charcot, his career, and the development of early clinical neurology.